铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染土壤和地下水的电动修复技术研究

随着生产的发展,中国地下水重金属污染问题日益严重,特别是尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水尤引人注目,地下水和土壤相互作用,导致重金属离子发生迁移和再分配。电动修复技术作为一种新兴绿色技术,因其高效、节能、成本低、无二次污染,具有很好发展前景。本文对土壤和地下水重金属污染电动修复技术的原理、实际研究应用、技术优势及缺点进行论述,为进一步研究铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水电动修复技术提供理论依据。     

城市表层土壤重金属污染分析研究

根据某城市土壤表层中的8种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Zn的浓度数据,利用地统计学原理方法,研究了不同功能区土壤重金属的污染特征。结果表明Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn在工业区和主干道路区浓度超标,并且这几种元素的富集系数偏高,说明污染来源主要是工业生产、汽车尾气排放及汽车轮胎磨损等。此研究对城市土壤重金属污染治理及修复、重金属污染重点行业污染控制等提供参考。     

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3 catalysts for benzene catalytic combustion

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method and tested for the catalytic combustion of benzene. The catalysts were characterized by N2 isothermal adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, temperatureprogrammed desorption of NH3（NH3-TPD）, H2temperature-programmed reduction（H2-TPR）, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy（HAADF-STEM）. The results showed that the addition of Mo effectively improved the activity and stability of the Pd/Al2O3catalyst by increasing the dispersion of Pd active components, changing the partial oxidation state of palladium and increasing the oxygen species concentration on the surface of catalyst. In the case of the Pd-Mo/Al2O3catalyst,benzene conversion of 90% was obtained at temperatures as low as 190°C, which was 45°C lower than that for similar performance with the Pd/Al2O3catalyst. Moreover, the 1.0% Pd-5% Mo/Al2O3catalyst was more active than the 2.0% Pd/Al2O3catalyst. It was concluded that Pd and Mo have a synergistic effect in benzene catalytic combustion.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

探讨适用于河流沉积物重金属污染程度的评价方法

本文使用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法两种方法对同一区域五条河流的沉积物中重金属的测定结果进行了评价和比较,提出了将河流沉积物中重金属的监测纳入我国地表水常规监测的意见和建议.     

湘潭锰矿重金属环境安全及植物耐性研究

采集了湘潭锰矿红旗分矿开采区、沙圹村恢复区的代表性当季蔬菜(莴笋叶Fruticicolidae、小白菜Brassica chinensis、香葱Allium schoenoprasum、空心菜Ipomoea aquatica)、废弃区的优势植物(商陆Phytolacca acinosa、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides、苍耳Xanthium sibiricum)和3个研究区的土壤,通过原子吸收分光光度法分析了Mn、Pb、Zn含量。结果表明:开采区蔬菜Mn含量(8.3~84.5 mg/kg)明显高于恢复区(2.7~55.6 mg/kg),开采区和恢复区蔬菜都明显受到Pb污染(0.6~33mg/kg),蔬菜Zn含量范围为1.9~6.5mg/kg;3个研究区域土壤重金属均明显超标,最严重的是Pb污染(1 993.5~2 213.5mg/kg)。商陆、野茼蒿和苍耳中重金属含量差异较大,对重金属的耐性强,其中商陆表现出最好的耐性与长势。研究结论对锰矿土地合理利用以及矿区土壤重金属治理提供一定的科学依据。     

柱状污泥基活性炭制备方法及其除污染效能研究

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌活化法研究一种柱状污泥基活性炭(CSAC)的制备方法及其工艺条件优化,并选择粉末污泥基活性炭(PSAC)和一种商品煤质碳(MAC)作为对照,考察了CSAC对重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)及有机污染物硝基苯的吸附去除效能.结果表明,CSAC的比表面积及微孔容积分别是306.9 m2·g-1和0.109 cm3·g-1,仅为MAC的36.7%和23.6%,但其对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量却远远高于MAC,说明CSAC表面存在的高含量酸性官能团在吸附去除重金属过程中起到了重要的作用.由于制备原料相同及制备工艺相似,CSAC与PSAC的理化性质基本相同,两种炭的表面酸性官能团含量较高,对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)均具有较好的吸附去除效果,优于MAC,只是CSAC的比表面积和微孔容积略低于PSAC;在对硝基苯的吸附实验中,CSAC及PSAC的吸附效率均远远低于MAC,说明在对有机物硝基苯的吸附中,活性炭的比表面积等物理性质起到了较大的作用.同时,所制备的CSAC的稳定度大于95%,易于分离回收,不会造成二次污染,适合废水中重金属离子的吸附去除.     

污染土壤中重金属的超声波强化EDTA洗脱及形态变化

以EDTA为洗脱剂,对重金属污染土壤进行超声波强化洗脱正交实验,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了洗脱前后Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态变化.结果表明,在EDTA浓度20 mmol·L-1、固液比1∶20、超声波作用时间16 min、超声波功率54%、洗脱次数4次的条件下,对4种重金属洗脱率最大,分别为:Cd 83.6%、Cu 58.8%、Pb 98.0%、Zn 43.0%.在实验所设浓度范围内,随着EDTA浓度的升高,重金属洗脱率均有降低.形态分析结果显示,超声波强化EDTA洗脱能显著降低土壤重金属的残渣态含量.除土壤中Zn残渣态去除率只有5.7%以外,超声波强化EDTA洗脱对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb的残渣态去除率都很高,分别为81.6%、62.3%、93.8%.     

基于随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合的重金属污染评价模型

基于河流环境系统中随机性、模糊性等多种不确定信息共存的特性,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟三角模糊数,并将其应用到沉积物重金属污染评价领域,通过将各重金属实测含量及地球化学背景值三角模糊化,然后进行随机模拟,并结合各等级概率水平加权进行综合污染等级分析,建立了基于随机模拟与三角模糊数(SS-TFN)理论的沉积物重金属地累积指数评价模型.采用该模型对湘江长沙段沉积物中重金属污染状况进行评价.结果表明,Cd的污染程度最大,处于严重污染级别;其次为Zn和Hg,处于重度污染级别,并有向严重污染恶化的趋势;而其他重金属污染程度则较低.相对于确定性评价方法,该模型能够得出评价区域重金属地累积指数的可能值区间及其相应的概率水平,客观真实地综合表征沉积物中重金属分布及污染情况,为科学决策提供更多全面合理的信息.     

水稻秸秆经漆酶预处理后产沼气研究

利用秸秆产沼气是秸秆无害化处理解决环境污染问题的可行手段.本研究针对秸秆特殊结构而导致产沼气少、启动慢、利用率低等问题,采用自培养漆酶预处理水稻秸秆,提高了秸秆产气率及利用率.通过研究发现,当漆酶添加量为40 mL、发酵温度为35℃、预处理7d的条件下,秸秆的产气量最高;同时发现,金属离子的添加对沼气产量有很大影响,其中Cu2添加后产气量提高最多.另外,研究发现预处理天数为24 d的秸秆木质素纤维素降解率最高.